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ANGOLA
Also known as: Republic of Angola,
República de Angola
Quick Facts
| Location |
Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Namibia and Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| Size |
total: 1,246,700 sq km
land: 1,246,700 sq km
water: 0 sq km |
| Capitals |
Luanda |
| Languages |
Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages |
| Ethnic groups |
Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% |
| Population |
11,190,786 (July 2005 est.) |
| Religion |
indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (1998 est.) |
| Chief of State |
President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September 1979) |
| Government type |
republic, nominally a multiparty democracy with a strong presidential system |
| GDP |
$23.17 billion (2004 est.) |
| Industries |
petroleum; diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite, uranium, and gold; cement; basic metal products; fish processing; food processing; brewing; tobacco products; sugar; textiles, ship repair |
| Currency |
kwanza (AOA) |
| Internet country code |
.ao |
| Time zone |
UTC/GMT +1 hour |
On this page, you will find:
- Country- Map, Flag & Coat of Arms
- Introduction
- Journey Element 1: Nature & Wildlife (Natural Environment; Plants & Wildlife)
- Journey Element 2: Life & Society (History, Society & Culture, Government & Politics)
- Journey Element 3: Trade, Travel & Economy (Transportation, Communication, Economy, Tourism)
- Journey Element 4: Highlights, Current Events & Helpful Links (Highlights & amazing statistics, Current events, Other Helpful Links)
Country- Map, Flag & Coat of Arms
| Map |
Map in context (From Wikipedia) |
| Flag |
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle) |
Coat of Arms |
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Introduction
Angola has begun to enjoy the fruits of peace since the end of a 27-year civil war in 2002. Fighting between the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, followed independence from Portugal in 1975. Peace seemed imminent in 1992 when Angola held national elections, but UNITA renewed fighting after being beaten by the MPLA at the polls. Up to 1.5 million lives may have been lost - and 4 million people displaced - in the quarter century of fighting. SAVIMBI's death in 2002 ended UNITA's insurgency and strengthened the MPLA's hold on power. DOS SANTOS has pledged to hold national elections in 2006.
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Journey Element 1: Nature & Wildlife
Angola is located on the South Atlantic Coast of West Africa between Namibia and the Republic of the Congo. It also is bordered by the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia to the east. The country is divided into an arid coastal strip stretching from Namibia to Luanda; a wet, interior highland; a dry savanna in the interior south and southeast; and rain forest in the north and in Cabinda. The Zambezi River and several tributaries of the Congo River have their sources in Angola. The coastal strip is tempered by the cool Benguela current, resulting in a climate similar to coastal Baja California. There is a short rainy season lasting from February to April. Summers are hot and dry, while winters are mild. The interior highlands have a mild climate with a rainy season from November through April followed by a cool dry season from May to October when overnight temperatures can fall to freezing. Elevations generally range from 3,000 to 6,000 feet. The far north and Cabinda enjoy rain throughout much of the year.
Natural Environment
| Climate |
- semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)
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| Geographic coordinates |
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| Land boundaries |
- total: 5,198 km
border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,511 km (of which 225 km is the boundary of discontiguous Cabinda Province), Republic of the Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zambia 1,110 km
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| Location |
- Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Namibia and Democratic Republic of the Congo
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| Natural resources |
- petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium
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| Size |
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| Terrain |
- narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau
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| Additional information |
- the province of Cabinda is an exclave, separated from the rest of the country by the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Plants & Wildlife
| Animals |
South and Central Coast
- springbok, ostrich, cape gannet, sea tern, cormorant, bushbak, forest buffalo, roan, eland, elephant, black rhino, Hartmann's mountain zebra, gembok, lion, cheetah, leopard, wild dog, manatee, talapoin monkey, palm-nut vulture, crocidile, sea turtle, flamingo
Mountains and Plateau
- giant sable, buffalo, eland, roan, sitatungas, hippo
Southern Interior
- elephant, black rhino, zebra, eland, buffalo, black-faced impala, blue wildebeest, giraffe, roan, greater kudu, lion, elephant, giraffe, ostrich
The North
- lowland gorilla, chimpanzee, elephant, 400+ species of birds (includes great blue turacos, large hornbills)
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| Flora |
- welwitschia - conifer, baobab, euphorbia tree
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National parks & reserves |
- Bicauri National Park
Cameia National Park
Cangandala National Park
Iona National Park
Kisama National Park
Luenge National Park
Luiana National Park
Longa-Mavinga National Park
Mucusso National Park
Mupa National Park
Quicama National Park
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Journey Element 2: Life & Society
History Overview
In present-day Angola Portugal settled in 1483 at the river Congo, where the Kongo State, Ndongo and Lunda existed. The Kongo State stretched from modern Gabon in the north to the Kwanza River in the south. Portugal established in 1575 a Portuguese colony at Luanda based on the slave trade. The Portuguese gradually took control of the coastal strip throughout the 16th century by a series of treaties and wars. They formed the colony of Angola. The Dutch occupied Luanda from 1641-48, providing a boost for anti-Portuguese states. In 1648 Portugal retook Luanda and initiated a process of military conquest of the Kongo and Ndongo states that ended with Portuguese victory in 1671. Full Portuguese administrative control of the interior didn't occur until the beginning of the 20th century. In 1951 the colony was restyled as an overseas province, also called Portuguese West Africa. When Portugal refused a decolonization process three independence movements emerged:
the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola MPLA), with a base among Kimbundu and the mixed-race intelligentsia of Luanda, and links to communist parties in Portugal and the Eastern Bloc;
the National Liberation Front of Angola (Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola, FNLA), with an ethnic base in the Bakongo region of the north and links to the United States and the Mobutu regime in Zaire; and
the National Union for Total Independence of Angola (União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola, UNITA), led by Jonas Malheiro Savimbi with an ethnic and regional base in the Ovimbundu heartland in the center of the country.
After a 14 year independence guerrilla war, Angola became independent in 1975. The Portuguese transferred power to the Marxist-inspired MPLA, which received support from the Soviet Union. Shortly after, a civil war broke out between MPLA, UNITA and FNLA. In 1976, the FNLA was defeated by a combination of MPLA and Cuban troops, leaving the Marxist MPLA and the western-backed UNITA to fight for power.
In 1991, the factions agreed to turn Angola into a multiparty state, but after the current president José Eduardo dos Santos of MPLA won UN supervised elections, UNITA claimed there was fraud and fighting broke out again.
A 1994 peace accord (Lusaka protocol) between the government and UNITA provided for the integration of former UNITA insurgents into the government. A national unity government was installed in 1997, but serious fighting resumed in late 1998, rendering hundreds of thousands of people homeless. President José Eduardo dos Santos suspended the regular functioning of democratic instances due to the conflict.
On February 22nd 2002, Jonas Savimbi, the leader of UNITA, was shot dead and a cease-fire was reached by the two factions. UNITA gave up its armed wing and assumed the role of major opposition party. Although the political situation of the country seems to be normalizing, president dos Santos still hasn't allowed regular democratic processes to take place. Among Angola's major problems are a serious humanitarian crisis (a result of the prolonged war), the abundance of mine fields, and the actions of guerrilla movements fighting for the independence of the northern enclave of Cabinda (Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda).
Angola, like many sub-Saharan nations, is subject to periodic outbreaks of infectious diseases. As of early April 2005, Angola is in the midst of an outbreak of the Marburg virus which is rapidly becoming the worst outbreak of a hemmorhagic fever in recorded history, with over 237 deaths recorded out of 261 reported cases, and having spread to 7 out of the 18 provinces as of April 19, 2005. From Wikipedia.
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Significant dates & events
| year |
event |
| 1482 |
Portuguese first landed in what is now northern Angola. Portuguese encountered the Kingdom of the Congo, which stretched from modern Gabon in the north to the Kwanza River in the south. Mbanza Congo, the capital, had a population of 50,000 people. South of this kingdom were various important states, of which the Kingdom of Ndongo, ruled by the ngola (king), was most significant. Modern Angola derives its name from the king of Ndongo. |
| 1500s |
The Portuguese gradually took control of the coastal strip by a series of treaties and wars.
Portugal's primary interest in Angola quickly turned to slavery. The slaving system began early in the 16th century with the purchase from African chiefs of people to work on sugar plantations in São Tomé, Principé, and Brazil. Many scholars agree that by the 19th century, Angola was the largest source of slaves not only for Brazil, but also for the Americas, including USA. |
| 1641-48 |
The Dutch occupied Luanda from 1641-48, providing a boost for anti-Portuguese states.
In 1648, Brazilian-based Portuguese forces re-took Luanda and initiated a process of military conquest of the Congo and Ndongo states. |
| 1671 |
Portuguese victory. |
| 1800s |
By the end of the 19th century, a massive forced labor system had replaced formal slavery. It was this forced labor that provided the basis for development of a plantation economy. |
| 1900s |
Full Portuguese administrative control of the interior did not occur until the beginning of the 20th century.
By the mid-20th century, a major mining sector had developed. |
| 1950s |
Colonial economic development did not translate into social development for native Angolans. The Portuguese regime encouraged white immigration, especially after 1950, which intensified racial antagonisms.
As decolonization progressed elsewhere in Africa, Portugal, under the Salazar and Caetano dictatorships, rejected independence and treated its African colonies as overseas provinces. Consequently, three independence movements emerged: the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) led by Agostinho Neto, with a base among Kimbundu and the mixed-race intelligentsia of Luanda, and links to communist parties in Portugal and the East Bloc; the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), led by Holden Roberto with an ethnic base in the Bakongo region of the north and links to the United States and the Mobutu regime in Kinshasa; and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas Malheiro Savimbi with an ethnic and regional base in the Ovimbundu heartland in the center of the country and links to the People's Republic of China and apartheid South Africa. |
| 1960s |
Elements of these movements fought against the Portuguese. |
| 1961 |
Slavery outlawed. |
| 1974 |
A coup d'etat in Portugal established a military government that promptly ceased the war and agreed, in the Alvor Accords, to hand over power to a coalition of the three movements. The ideological differences between the three movements eventually led to armed conflict, with FNLA and UNITA forces, encouraged by their respective international supporters, attempting to wrest control of Luanda from the MPLA. The intervention of troops from South Africa on behalf of UNITA and Zaire on behalf of the FNLA in September October 1975 and the MPLA's importation of Cuban troops in November effectively internationalized the conflict. |
| 1975 |
Retaining control of Luanda, the coastal strip, and increasingly lucrative oil fields in Cabinda, the MPLA declared independence on November 11, 1975, the day the Portuguese abandoned the capital. UNITA and the FNLA formed a rival coalition government based in the interior city of Huambo. |
| 1976 |
Agostinho Neto became the first president of the MPLA government that was recognized by the United Nations in 1976. |
| 1979 |
Upon Neto's death from cancer , then-Planning Minister José Eduardo dos Santos ascended to the presidency. |
| 1980s |
The FNLA's military failures led to its increasing marginalization, internal divisions, and abandonment by international supporters. An internationalized conventional civil war between UNITA and the MPLA continued until 1989.
For much of this time, UNITA controlled vast swaths of the interior and was backed by U.S. resources and South African troops. Similarly, tens of thousands of Cuban troops remained in support of the MPLA, often fighting South Africans on the front lines.
A U.S.-brokered agreement resulted in withdrawal of foreign troops in 1989. |
| 1991 |
Bicesse Accord spelled out an electoral process for a democratic Angola under the supervision of the United Nations. |
| 1992 |
When UNITA's Jonas Savimbi failed to win the first round of the presidential election in 1992 (he won 40% to dos Santos's 49%, which meant a runoff), he called the election fraudulent and returned to war.
Angola changed from a one-party Marxist-Leninist system ruled by the MPLA to a nominal multiparty democracy. |
| 1994 |
Another peace accord, known as the Lusaka Protocol, was brokered in Lusaka, Zambia, and signed. This agreement, too, collapsed into renewed conflict. |
| 1997 |
The UN Security Council voted on August 28 to impose sanctions on UNITA. |
| 1999 |
The Angolan military launched a massive offensive, which destroyed UNITA's conventional capacity and recaptured all major cities previously held by Savimbi's forces. Savimbi then declared a return to guerrilla tactics. |
| 2002 |
Savimbi dies in combat in February.
On April 4, the Angolan Government and UNITA signed the Luena Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), which formalized the de facto cease-fire that prevailed following Savimbi's death.
In accordance with the MOU, UNITA recommitted to the peace framework in the 1994 Lusaka Protocol, returned all remaining territory to Angolan Government control, quartered all military personnel in predetermined locations, and relinquished all arms.
In August, UNITA demobilized all military personnel and in September, together with the government, reconstituted the UN-sponsored Joint Commission to resolve all outstanding political issues under the Lusaka Protocol.
On November 21, UNITA and the government declared all outstanding issues resolved and the Lusaka Protocol fully implemented.
UN Security Council sanctions on UNITA were lifted on December 9. |
| 2003 |
In advance of national elections projected for 2006, UNITA and the MPLA held their first post-war party congresses in June and December. The UNITA Congress saw the democratic transfer of power from interim leader General Paulo Lukumba "Gato" to former UNITA representative in Paris Isaias Henriqué Samakuva, while the MPLA Congress reaffirmed President dos Santos' leadership of party structures. |
Cabinda - The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC), formed in 1974, rejects the Alvor Accords that included Cabinda as part of Angolan territory at independence. Since 1975, FLEC has engaged in low-level guerilla attacks against government targets and has periodically kidnapped foreigners in an effort to press for an independent Cabindan state. Leadership struggles within FLEC have led to its breakup into various splinter factions, two of which continue the movement's armed insurgency. The international community has rejected the notion of Cabindan independence. The Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) launched a major offensive against FLEC in November 2002. While the offensive was moderately successful, at least one of the FLEC factions retains a guerilla capability. Periodic, separate negotiations between the leadership of the two armed FLEC factions and the Angolan Government have failed to produce a settlement to the conflict.
Society & Culture
Estimates of Angola's population vary widely, as there has been no census for many years. Angola has three main ethnic groups, each speaking a Bantu language: Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, and Bakongo 13%. Other groups include Chokwe, Lunda, Ganguela, Nhaneca-Humbe, Ambo, Herero, and Xindunga. In addition, mixed racial (European and African) people amount to about 2%, with a small (1%) population of whites, mainly ethnically Portuguese. Portuguese make up the largest non-Angolan population, with at least 30,000 (though many native-born Angolans can claim Portuguese nationality under Portuguese law). Portuguese is both the official and predominant language.
| Arts and crafts |
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| Dance |
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| Dress |
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| Ethnic groups |
- Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%
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| HIV/AIDS |
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| Infant mortality rate |
- total: 191.19 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 203.68 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 178.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
- (Compare to other countries)
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| Languages |
- Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages
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| Life expectancy at birth |
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| Literacy (age 15 and over can read & write) |
- total population: 42%
male: 56%
female: 28% (1998 est.)
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| Music |
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| Myths and legends |
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| Nationality |
- noun: Angolan(s)
adjective: Angolan
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| Population |
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| Population growth rate |
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| Religion |
- indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (1998 est.)
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School enrollment
(% relevant age group) From UNESCO. |
- Net primary enrollment: NA
- Net secondary enrollment: NA
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| Sports |
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| Total fertility rate |
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| Typical dishes |
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Government & Politics
Angola changed from a one-party Marxist-Leninist system ruled by the MPLA to a nominal multiparty democracy following the 1992 elections, in which President dos Santos won the first-round election with more than 49% of the vote to Jonas Savimbi's 40%; a runoff never took place. The Constitutional Law of 1992 establishes the broad outlines of government structure and delineates the rights and duties of citizens. The government is based on ordinances, decrees, and decisions issued by a president and his ministers or through legislation produced by the National Assembly and approved by the president. The parliament is generally subordinate to the executive.
Few opportunities exist for opposition parties to challenge MPLA dominance. President dos Santos has proposed that general elections be held in 2006. A multi-party constitutional reform process will resume following elections.
Angola is governed by a president who is assisted by a prime minister and 30 cabinet ministers, all appointed by the president. Political power is concentrated in the presidency. The executive branch of the government is composed of the president (head of state and government), the prime minister, and the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers, composed of all government ministers and vice ministers, meets regularly to discuss policy issues. The President, the Council of Ministers, and individual ministers in their areas of competence have the ability to legislate by decree.
The National Assembly has 220 members elected in 1992 (three seats for Angolans living abroad have never been filled). They represent parties whose weight is determined by a formula that takes into account national tickets and provincial voting. The ruling MPLA controls 59% of the seats.
The central government administers the country through 18 provinces. Governors of the provinces are appointed by and serve at the pleasure of the president.
The legal system is based on Portuguese and customary law but is weak and fragmented. Courts operate in only a fraction of the 164 municipalities. A Supreme Court serves as the appellate tribunal; a Constitutional Court with powers of judicial review has never been constituted despite statutory authorization. Recently, the Supreme Court has acted as a Constitutional Court.
The 27-year-long civil war ravaged the country's political and social institutions. The government estimates that 4.7 million people were internally displaced by the civil war. Since 2002, more than 300,000 of Angola's original 450,000 refugees have returned home. In 2005, the anticipated final year for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) organized return program, an anticipated 53,000 refugees will be assisted in returning to Angola. Daily conditions of life throughout the country mirror the inadequate administrative infrastructure as well as weak social institutions. Government support for social institutions is often inadequate. Many hospitals are without medicines or basic equipment, schools are without books, and public employees often lack the basic supplies for their day-to-day work.
| Administrative Divisions |
- 18 provinces - Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire
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| Capitals |
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| Executive branch |
- chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government; Fernando de Piedade Dias DOS SANTOS was appointed Prime Minister on 6 December 2002, but this is not a position of real power
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by universal ballot for a NA-year term; President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in 1979) without opposition under a one-party system and stood for reelection in Angola's first multiparty elections 29-30 September 1992 (next to be held September 2006)
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| Government type |
- republic, nominally a multiparty democracy with a strong presidential system
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| Holidays and special events |
- Jan 1 - New Year’s Day
- Jan 4 - Martyrs of the Colonial Repression Day
- Feb 4 - Start of Liberation War
- Mar 8 - International Women’s Day
- Apr 4 - Peace and Reconciliation Day
- Good Friday (changes)
- Easter Monday (changes)
- May 1 - Labour Day
- May 25 - Africa Day
- Jun 1 - International Children’s Day
- Sep 17 - Nation’s Founder and National Hero’s Day
- Nov 2 - All Soul’s Day
- Nov 11 - Independence Day
- Dec 25 - Christmas Day
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| Independence |
- 11 November 1975 (from Portugal)
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| Legislative branch |
- unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (220 seats; members elected by proportional vote to serve four-year terms)
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| Major cities |
- Luanda; Huambo; Benguela; Lobito
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| National anthem |
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Journey Element 3: Trade, Travel & Economy
Angola has a fast-growing economy largely due to a major oil boom, but it also ranks in the bottom 10 of almost every socioeconomic indicator. Aside from the oil sector and diamonds, it is recovering from 27 years of nearly continuous warfare, corruption, and economic mismanagement. Despite abundant natural resources, and rising per capita GDP, Angola was ranked 166 out of 177 countries on the UNDP's Human Development Index Subsistence agriculture sustains two- thirds of the population.
By contrast, the rapidly expanding petroleum industry--now producing approximately 1.6 million barrels per day (bpd), behind only Nigeria in Africa--accounts for 51.7% of GNP, 92% of exports, and 90% of government revenues. Production is expected to reach 2 million barrels per day by 2008. Oil production remains largely offshore and has few linkages with other sectors of the economy, though a local content initiative promulgated by the Angolan Government is pressuring oil companies to source from local businesses.
Block Zero, located in the enclave of Cabinda, currently provides one-third of Angola's crude oil production.
Exports to Asian countries have grown rapidly in recent years, particularly China.
Diamonds make up most of Angola's remaining exports. Despite increased corporate ownership of diamond fields, much production is currently in the hands of small-scale prospectors, often operating illegally. The government is making an increased effort to register and license prospectors. Legal sales of rough diamonds may occur only through the government's diamond-buying parastatal, although many producers continue to bypass the system to obtain higher prices.
In the last decade of the colonial period, Angola was a major African agricultural exporter. Because of severe wartime conditions, including extensive laying of landmines throughout the countryside, agricultural activities were brought to a near standstill, and the country now imports about half of its food. Small-scale agricultural production has increased dramatically over the last three years as internally displaced persons (IDPs) are returning to the land. Some efforts at commercial agricultural recovery have gone forward, notably in fisheries and tropical fruits, but most of the country's vast potential remains untapped. Coffee production, though a fraction of its pre-1975 level, is sufficient for domestic needs and some exports. Recently passed land reform laws will attempt to reconcile overlapping traditional land use rights, colonial-era land claims, and recent land grants to facilitate significant commercial agricultural development.
An economic reform effort launched in 1998 was only marginally successful in addressing persistent fiscal mismanagement and corruption. In April 2000, Angola started an International Monetary Fund (IMF) staff-monitored program (SMP). The program lapsed in June 2001 over IMF concerns about lack of adequate Angolan progress. Under the program, the Government of Angola did succeed in unifying exchange rates and moving fuel, electricity, and water prices closer to market rates.
In December 2002 President dos Santos named a new economic team to oversee homegrown reform efforts. The new team has succeeded in decreasing overall government spending, rationalizing the Kwanza exchange rate, closing regulatory loopholes allowing off-budget expenditures, and capturing all revenues in the state budget. New procedures have been implemented to track the flow of funds between the Treasury, Banco Nacional de Angola (the central bank), and the state-owned Banco de Poupanca e Credito, which operates the budget. The Angolan Government has adopted a new investment code. Concerns remain about quasi-fiscal operations by the state oil company Sonangol, continued oil-backed commercial borrowing by the Angolan Government, and inadequate transparency and oversight in the management of public accounts. The Angolan commercial code, financial sector law, and telecommunications law all require substantial revision.
The Angolan Government has reopened dialogue with the IMF. As of August 2005, Angola and the IMF remained in discussion on an IMF program.
Transportation
| Airports |
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| Highways |
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| Ports and Harbors |
- Ambriz, Cabinda, Lobito, Luanda, Malongo, Namibe, Porto Amboim, Soyo
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Communication
Fixed lines
& mobile telephones
(per 1,000 people)
(From ITU) |
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| International dialing code |
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| Internet country code |
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| Internet users |
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| Media |
Press
TV
Radio
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Personal computers
(per 1,000 people)
(From ITU) |
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Telephone avg cost-
local call
(US$ per 3 min)
(From ITU) |
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Telephones -
main lines in use |
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Telephones -
mobile cellular |
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Time zone |
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Economy
| Agriculture products |
- bananas, sugarcane, coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, manioc (tapioca), tobacco, vegetables, plantains; livestock; forest products; fish
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| Currency (code) |
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| Exchange rates |
- kwanza per US dollar - 83.541 (2004), 74.606 (2003), 43.53 (2002), 22.058 (2001), 10.041 (2000)
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| Exports commodities |
- crude oil, diamonds, refined petroleum products, gas, coffee, sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton
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| Exports partners |
- US 39.8%, China 30.3%, Taiwan 8.1%, France 7.1% (2004)
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| Fiscal year |
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| GDP |
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| GDP- real growth rate |
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| Imports commodities |
- machinery and electrical equipment, vehicles and spare parts; medicines, food, textiles, military goods
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| Imports partners |
- Portugal 18.4%, US 13.1%, South Africa 10.7%, Japan 6.9%, France 6.3%, Brazil 5.6%, UK 4.9%, China 4.5% (2004)
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| Industries |
- petroleum; diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite, uranium, and gold; cement; basic metal products; fish processing; food processing; brewing; tobacco products; sugar; textiles, ship repair
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| Inflation rate |
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| Population below poverty line |
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| Unemployment rate |
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Tourism
| Popular destinations |
- Elinga Teatro art gallery/theatre
- Luanda
- Lubango
- Parque Nacional da Kissama
- Tunda-Vala Volcano/beach
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| Tourist arrivals (From WTO) |
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| Visas |
- All travelers require visas.
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| World Heritage sites |
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Journey Element 4: Highlights, Current Events & Helpful Links
Highlights & amazing statistics
| Animals |
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| Cities |
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| Economy |
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| Environment |
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| History |
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| Famous people |
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Current events
Other Helpful Links
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