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BURKINA FASO
Also known as:
Upper Volta (former)
Quick Facts
| Location |
Western Africa, north of Ghana |
| Size |
total: 274,200 sq km
land: 273,800 sq km
water: 400 sq km |
| Capitals |
Ouagadougou |
| Languages |
French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population |
| Ethnic groups |
Mossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, Fulani |
| Population |
13,925,313 (July 2005 est.) |
| Religion |
indigenous beliefs 40%, Muslim 50%, Christian (mainly Roman Catholic) 10% |
| Chief of State |
resident Blaise COMPAORE |
| Government type |
parliamentary republic |
| GDP |
$15.74 billion (2004 est.) |
| Industries |
cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, cigarettes, textiles, gold |
| Currency |
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States |
| Internet country code |
.bf |
| Time zone |
UTC/GMT 0 (no offset) |
On this page, you will find:
- Country- Map, Flag & Coat of Arms
- Introduction
- Journey Element 1: Nature & Wildlife (Natural Environment; Plants & Wildlife)
- Journey Element 2: Life & Society (History, Society & Culture, Government & Politics)
- Journey Element 3: Trade, Travel & Economy (Transportation, Communication, Economy, Tourism)
- Journey Element 4: Highlights, Current Events & Helpful Links (Highlights & amazing statistics, Current events, Other Helpful Links)
Country- Map, Flag & Coat of Arms
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Introduction
Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) achieved independence from France in 1960. Repeated military coups during the 1970s and 1980s were followed by multiparty elections in the early 1990s. Burkina Faso's high population density and limited natural resources result in poor economic prospects for the majority of its citizens. Recent unrest in Cote d'Ivoire and northern Ghana has hindered the ability of several hundred thousand seasonal Burkinabe farm workers to find employment in neighboring countries.
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Journey Element 1: Nature & Wildlife
Burkina Faso is a landlocked country located in the middle of West Africa's "hump." It is geographically in the Sahel--the agricultural region between the Sahara Desert and the coastal rain forests. Most of central Burkina Faso lies on a savanna plateau, 200 meters-300 meters (650 ft.-1,000 ft.) above sea level, with fields, brush, and scattered trees. The largest river is the Mouhoun (Black Volta), which is partially navigable by small craft. Burkina Faso has West Africa's largest elephant population. Game preserves also are home to lions, hippos, monkeys, warthogs, and antelope. Infrastructure and tourism are, however, not well developed. Annual average rainfall varies from about 100 centimeters (40 in.) in the south to less than 25 centimeters (10 in.) in the north and northeast, where hot desert winds accentuate the dryness of the region. The cooler season, November to February, is pleasantly warm and dry (but dusty), with cool evenings. March-June can be very hot. In July-September, the rains bring a 3-month cooler and greener humid season.
Natural Environment
| Climate |
- tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers
mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west and southeast
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| Geographic coordinates |
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| Land boundaries |
- total: 3,193 km
border countries: Benin 306 km, Cote d'Ivoire 584 km, Ghana 549 km, Mali 1,000 km, Niger 628 km, Togo 126 km
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| Location |
- Western Africa, north of Ghana
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| Natural resources |
- manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold, phosphates, pumice, salt
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| Size |
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| Terrain |
- mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west and southeast
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| Additional information |
- landlocked savanna cut by the three principal rivers of the Black, Red, and White Voltas
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Plants & Wildlife
| Animals |
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| Flora |
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National parks & reserves |
- Arli National Park
Deux Balés National Park
Pô National Park
Tambi Kaboré National Park
W of the Niger National Park
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Journey Element 2: Life & Society
History Overview
Prehistory
Like all of the west of Africa, Burkina Faso was populated early, notably by hunter-gatherers in the north-western part of the country (12 000 to 5000 BC), and whose tools (scrapers, chisels and arrowheads) were discovered in 1973. Settlements appeared between 3600 and 2600 BC with farmers, the traces of whose structures leave the impression of relatively permanent buildings. The use of iron, ceramics and polished stone developed between 1500 and 1000 BC, as well as a preoccupation with spiritual matters, as shown by the burial remains which have been discovered.
Relics of the Dogon are found in the centre-north, north and north west region. They left the area between the 15th and 16th centuries BC to settle in the cliffs of Bandiagara. Elsewhere, the remains of high walls are localised in the south west of Burkina Faso (as well as in the Côte d'Ivoire), but the people who built them have not yet been definitely identified.
Burkina Faso was an important economic region for the Songhai Empire during the 15th and 16th centuries.
From colony to independence
In 1896, the Mossi kingdom of Ouagadougou became a French protectorate after being defeated by French forces. In 1898, the majority of the region corresponding to Burkina Faso today was conquered. In 1904, these territories were integrated into French West Africa in the heart of the Upper-Senegal-Niger (Haut-Sénégal-Niger) colony.
Its inhabitants participated in the First World War in the heart of the battalions of the Senegalese Infantry (Tirailleurs sénégalais). It was originally administered as part of Côte d'Ivoire colony, but became a separate colony in 1919. On March 1 1919, François Charles Alexis Édouard Hesling became the first governor of the new colony of Upper-Volta, which was broken up September 5 1932, being shared between the Côte d’Ivoire, Mali and Niger.
On September 4 1947 Upper-Volta was recreated with its 1932 boundaries. On December 11 1958, it achieved self-government, and became a republic and member of the Franco-African Community (La Communauté Franco-Africaine). Full independence was attained in 1960. Its first military coup occurred in 1966, then returned to civilian rule in 1978. There was another coup, led by Saye Zerbo in 1980, which in turn was overthrown in 1982. A counter-coup was launched in 1983, which left Captain Thomas Sankara in charge. The current president is Blaise Compaoré, who came to power in 1987 after a coup d'état that killed Thomas Sankara. From Wikipedia.
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Significant dates & events
| year |
event |
| 1800s |
Until the end of the 19th century, the history of Burkina Faso was dominated by the empire-building Mossi. |
| 1896 |
The French arrived and claimed the area. Mossi resists. |
| 1901 |
Mossi resistance ended only with the capture of their capital Ouagadougou. |
| 1919 |
The colony of Upper Volta was established in 1919, but it was dismembered and reconstituted several times. |
| 1947 |
Present borders recognized. |
| 1960 |
The French administered the area indirectly through Mossi authorities until independence was achieved on August 5.
The first President, Maurice Yameogo, amended the constitution soon after taking office to ban opposition political parties. |
| 1966 |
Yameogo's government ended, when the first of several military coups placed Lt. Col. Sangoule Lamizana at the head of a government of senior army officers. |
| 1970s |
Lamizana remained in power, as President of military and then elected governments. |
| 1980 |
With the support of unions and civil groups, Col. Saye Zerbo overthrew President Lamizana. |
| 1982 |
Colonel Zerbo encountered resistance from trade unions and was overthrown by Maj. Dr. Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo and the Council of Popular Salvation (CSP).
Factional infighting developed between moderates in the CSP and radicals led by Capt. Thomas Sankara. |
| 1983 |
Sankara was appointed Prime Minister in January , but was subsequently arrested.
Efforts to bring about his release, directed by Capt. Blaise Compaore, resulted in yet another military coup d'etat, led by Sankara and Compaore on August 4.
Sankara established the National Revolutionary Committee with himself as President and vowed to "mobilize the masses." But the committee's membership remained secret and was dominated by Marxist-Leninist military officers. |
| 1984 |
Upper Volta changed its name to Burkina Faso, meaning "the country of honorable people." But many of the strict security and austerity measures taken by Sankara provoked resistance. |
| 1987-1989 |
Despite his initial popularity and personal charisma, Sankara was assassinated in a coup which brought Capt. Blaise Compaore to power in October.
Compaore pledged to pursue the goals of the revolution but to "rectify" Sankara's "deviations" from the original aims. In fact, Compaore reversed most of Sankara's policies and combined the leftist party he headed with more centrist parties after the 1989 arrest and execution of two colonels who had supported Compaore and governed with him up to that point. |
| 1998 |
Compaore won the November presidential election for a second 7-year term against two minor-party candidates.
But within weeks of Compaore's victory the domestic opposition took to the streets to protest the December 13, murder of leading independent journalist Norbert Zongo, whose investigations of the death of the President's brother's chauffeur suggested involvement of the Compaore family.
The opposition Collective Against Impunity--led by human rights activist Halidou Ouedraogo and including opposition political parties of Prof. Joseph Ki-Zerbo and (for a while) Hermann Yameogo, son of the first President--challenged Compaore and his government to bring Zongo's murderers to justice and make political reforms. The Zongo killings still resonate in Burkina politics, though not as strongly as in the past. There has been no significant progress on the investigation of the case. |
Society & Culture
Burkina Faso's 12 million people belong to two major West African cultural groups--the Voltaic and the Mande (whose common language is Dioula). The Voltaic Mossi make up about one-half of the population. The Mossi claim descent from warriors who migrated to present-day Burkina Faso from Ghana and established an empire that lasted more than 800 years. Predominantly farmers, the Mossi kingdom is still led by the Mogho Naba, whose court is in Ouagadougou.
Burkina Faso is an ethnically integrated, secular state. Most of Burkina's people are concentrated in the south and center of the country, sometimes exceeding 48 per square kilometer (125/sq. mi.). This population density, high for Africa, causes migrations of hundreds of thousands of Burkinabe to Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana, many for seasonal agricultural work. These flows of workers are obviously affected by external events; the September 2002 coup attempt in Cote d'Ivoire and the ensuing fighting there have meant that hundreds of thousands of Burkinabe returned to Burkina Faso. A plurality of Burkinabe are Muslim, but most also adhere to traditional African religions. The introduction of Islam to Burkina Faso was initially resisted by the Mossi rulers. Christians, both Roman Catholics and Protestants, comprise about 25% of the population, with their largest concentration in urban areas.
Female genital mutilation, child labor, child trafficking, and social exclusion of accused sorcerers remain serious problems, although the government has taken steps in recent years to combat these phenomena. Workers and civil servants generally have the right to organize unions, engage in collective bargaining, and strike for better pay and working conditions. Few Burkinabe have had formal education. Schooling is in theory free and compulsory until the age of 16, but only about 44% of Burkina's primary school-age children are enrolled in primary school due to actual costs of school supplies and school fees and to opportunity costs of sending a child who could earn money for the family to school. The University of Ouagadougou, founded in 1974, was the country's first institution of higher education. The Polytechnical University in Bobo-Dioulasso was opened in 1995.
| Arts and crafts |
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| Dance |
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| Dress |
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| Ethnic groups |
- Mossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, Fulani
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| HIV/AIDS |
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| Infant mortality rate |
- total: 97.57 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 105.55 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 89.34 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
- (Compare to other countries)
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| Languages |
- French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population
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| Life expectancy at birth |
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| Literacy (age 15 and over can read & write) |
- total population: 26.6%
male: 36.9%
female: 16.6% (2003 est.)
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| Music |
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| Myths and legends |
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| Nationality |
- noun: Burkinabe (singular and plural)
adjective: Burkinabe
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| Population |
- 13,925,313
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2005 est.)
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| Population growth rate |
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| Religion |
- indigenous beliefs 40%, Muslim 50%, Christian (mainly Roman Catholic) 10%
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School enrollment
(% relevant age group) From UNESCO. |
- Net primary enrollment: 35% (2000)
- Net secondary enrollment: 8% (2000)
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| Sports |
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| Total fertility rate |
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| Typical dishes |
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Government & Politics
With Compaore alone at the helm, a democratic constitution was approved by referendum in 1991. In December 1991, Compaore was elected President, running unopposed after the opposition boycotted the election. The opposition did participate in the following year's legislative elections, in which the ruling party won a majority of seats.
The government of the Fourth Republic includes a strong presidency, a prime minister, a Council of Ministers presided over by the president, a unicameral National Assembly, and the judiciary. The legislature and judiciary are nominally independent but remain susceptible to executive influence.
Burkina held multiparty municipal elections in 1995 and 2000 and legislative elections in 1997 and 2002. Balloting was considered largely free and fair in all elections.
Given the fragile roots of democratic institutions, constitutional checks and balances are seldom effective in practice. The constitution was amended in 2000 to limit the president to a 5-year term, renewable once, beginning with the next presidential election in 2005. The amendment is controversial because it did not make any mention of retroactivity, meaning that President Compaore's eligibility to present himself for the 2005 presidential election is still a matter of debate.
| Administrative Divisions |
- 45 provinces; Bale, Bam, Banwa, Bazega, Bougouriba, Boulgou, Boulkiemde, Comoe, Ganzourgou, Gnagna, Gourma, Houet, Ioba, Kadiogo, Kenedougou, Komondjari, Kompienga, Kossi, Koulpelogo, Kouritenga, Kourweogo, Leraba, Loroum, Mouhoun, Namentenga, Nahouri, Nayala, Noumbiel, Oubritenga, Oudalan, Passore, Poni, Sanguie, Sanmatenga, Seno, Sissili, Soum, Sourou, Tapoa, Tuy, Yagha, Yatenga, Ziro, Zondoma, Zoundweogo
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| Capitals |
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| Executive branch |
- chief of state: President Blaise COMPAORE (since 15 October 1987)
head of government: Prime Minister Ernest Paramanga YONLI (since 6 November 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 15 November 1998 (next to be held NA 2005); in April 2000, the constitution was amended reducing the presidential term from seven to five years, enforceable as of 2005, and allowing the president to be reelected only once; it is unclear whether this amendment will be applied retroactively or not; prime minister appointed by the president with the consent of the legislature
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (111 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
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| Government type |
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| Holidays and special events |
- Jan 1 New Year’s Day
- Jan 3 Anniversary of the 1966 Coup d’État
- Aid El Kébir (Feast of the Sacrifice) (changes)
- El am Hejir (New Year) (changes)
- Mar 8 Women’s Day
- Easter Monday (changes)
- Mouloud (Birth of the Prophet) (changes)
- May 1 Labour Day
- Ascension (changes)
- Aug 4 Revolution Day
- Aug 5 Independence Day.
- Aug 15 Assumption
- Oct 15 Anniversary of the 1987 Coup d’État
- Nov 1 All Saints’ Day
- Aid El Segheir (End of Ramadan) (changes)
- Dec 11 Proclamation of the Republic
- Dec 25 Christmas
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| Independence |
- 5 August 1960 (from France)
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| Legislative branch |
- unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (111 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
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| Major cities |
- Ouagadougou; Bobo Dioulasso; Koudougou; Ouahigouya; Banfora
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| National anthem |
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Journey Element 3: Trade, Travel & Economy
Burkina Faso is one of the poorest countries in the world, with a per capita gross national product (GNP) of $300. More than 80% of the population relies on subsistence agriculture, with only a small fraction directly involved in industry and services. Drought, poor soil, lack of adequate communications and other infrastructure, a low literacy rate, and an economy vulnerable to external shocks are all longstanding problems. The export economy also remains subject to fluctuations in world prices.
Burkina remains committed to the structural adjustment program it launched in 1991, and it has been one of the first beneficiaries of the World Bank/International Monetary Fund (IMF) debt-relief and poverty reduction programs for highly indebted poor countries. At least 20% of the government budget is financed from international aid, and the majority of infrastructure investments are externally financed. Growth rates have been more than 5% from the late 1990s through 2003.
Many Burkinabe migrate to neighboring countries for work, and their remittances provide a contribution to the economy's balance of payments that is second only to cotton as a source of foreign exchange earnings. Political and economic problems in nieghboring countries have had a direct impact on this source of revenue for millions of Burkina households. Commercial and personal traffic across the border is slowly rebuilding steam.
Burkina is attempting to improve the economy by developing its mineral resources, improving its infrastructure, making its agricultural and livestock sectors more productive and competitive, and stabilizing the supplies and prices of food grains. Staple crops are millet, sorghum, maize, and rice. The cash crops are cotton, groundnuts, karite (shea nuts), and sesame. Livestock, once a major export, has declined.
Manufacturing is limited to cotton and food processing (mainly in Bobo-Dioulasso) and import substitution heavily protected by tariffs. Some factories are privately owned, and others are set to be privatized. Burkina's exploitable natural resources are limited, although deposits of manganese, zinc, and gold have attracted the interest of international mining firms.
A railway connects Burkina with the port of Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, 1,150 kilometers (712 mi.) away. Due to the closure of the border with Cote d'Ivoire, this railway was not operational between September 2002 and September 2003, but cargo and limited passenger service are now offered. Primary roads between main towns in Burkina Faso are paved. Domestic air service and flights within Africa are limited. Phones and Internet service providers are relatively reliable, but the cost of utilities is very high.
Transportation
| Airports |
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| Highways |
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| Ports and Harbors |
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Communication
Fixed lines
& mobile telephones
(per 1,000 people)
(From ITU) |
- 6.9 m (2000)
- 23.9 m (2003)
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| International dialing code |
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| Internet country code |
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| Internet users |
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| Media |
Press
TV
Radio
- Radio Burkina
- Radio Horizon FM
- Pulsar Radio
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Personal computers
(per 1,000 people)
(From ITU) |
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Telephone avg cost-
local call
(US$ per 3 min)
(From ITU) |
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Telephones -
main lines in use |
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Telephones -
mobile cellular |
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Time zone |
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Economy
| Agriculture products |
- cotton, peanuts, shea nuts, sesame, sorghum, millet, corn, rice; livestock
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| Currency (code) |
- Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
- Currency converter
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| Exchange rates |
- Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)
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| Exports commodities |
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| Exports partners |
- China 32.3%, Singapore 10.7%, Bangladesh 4.5%, Ghana 4.4%, Colombia 4.4% (2004)
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| Fiscal year |
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| GDP |
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| GDP- real growth rate |
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| Imports commodities |
- capital goods, foodstuffs, petroleum
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| Imports partners |
- France 31.5%, Cote d'Ivoire 13.9%, Togo 8.5% (2004)
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| Industries |
- cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, cigarettes, textiles, gold
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| Inflation rate |
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| Population below poverty line |
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| Unemployment rate |
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Tourism
| Popular destinations |
- Bobo-Dioulasso
- home to the Bobo people
- Cascades de Karfiguéla (Karfiguéla waterfalls)
- Gorom-Gorom Market
- Grande Mosquée
- Ouagadougou - capital
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| Tourist arrivals (From WTO) |
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| Visas |
- All travelers require a visa.
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| World Heritage sites |
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Journey Element 4: Highlights, Current Events & Helpful Links
Highlights & amazing statistics
| Animals |
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| Cities |
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| Economy |
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| Environment |
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| History |
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| Famous people |
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Current events
Other Helpful Links
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